Demand and Supply - Glossary
Glossary from chapter 3 "Demand and Supply" of the book OpenStax, Principles of Macroeconomics for AP® Courses
words
ceteris paribus
other things being equal
complements
goods that are often used together so that consumption of one good tends to enhance consumption of the other
demand
the relationship between price and the quantity demanded of a certain good or service
demand curve
a graphic representation of the relationship between price and quantity demanded of a certain good or service, with quantity on the horizontal axis and the price on the vertical axis
demand schedule
a table that shows a range of prices for a certain good or service and the quantity demanded at each price
equilibrium
the situation where quantity demanded is equal to the quantity supplied; the combination of price and quantity where there is no economic pressure from surpluses or shortages that would cause price or quantity to change
equilibrium price
the price where quantity demanded is equal to quantity supplied
equilibrium quantity
the quantity at which quantity demanded and quantity supplied are equal for a certain price level
excess demand
at the existing price, the quantity demanded exceeds the quantity supplied; also called a shortage
excess supply
at the existing price, quantity supplied exceeds the quantity demanded; also called a surplus
factors of production
the combination of labor, materials, and machinery that is used to produce goods and services; also called inputs
inferior good
a good in which the quantity demanded falls as income rises, and in which quantity demanded rises and income falls
inputs
the combination of labor, materials, and machinery that is used to produce goods and services; also called factors of production
law of demand
the common relationship that a higher price leads to a lower quantity demanded of a certain good or service and a lower price leads to a higher quantity demanded, while all other variables are held constant
law of supply
the common relationship that a higher price leads to a greater quantity supplied and a lower price leads to a lower quantity supplied, while all other variables are held constant
normal good
a good in which the quantity demanded rises as income rises, and in which quantity demanded falls as income falls
price
what a buyer pays for a unit of the specific good or service
price ceiling
a legal maximum price
price control
government laws to regulate prices instead of letting market forces determine prices
price floor
a legal minimum price
quantity demanded
the total number of units of a good or service consumers are willing to purchase at a given price
quantity supplied
the total number of units of a good or service producers are willing to sell at a given price
shift in demand
when a change in some economic factor (other than price) causes a different quantity to be demanded at every price
shift in supply
when a change in some economic factor (other than price) causes a different quantity to be supplied at every price
shortage
at the existing price, the quantity demanded exceeds the quantity supplied; also called excess demand
substitute
a good that can replace another to some extent, so that greater consumption of one good can mean less of the other
supply
the relationship between price and the quantity supplied of a certain good or service
supply curve
a line that shows the relationship between price and quantity supplied on a graph, with quantity supplied on the horizontal axis and price on the vertical axis
supply schedule
a table that shows a range of prices for a good or service and the quantity supplied at each price
surplus
at the existing price, quantity supplied exceeds the quantity demanded; also called excess supply
This glossary was extracted from Chapter 3 of the book OpenStax, Principles of Macroeconomics for AP® Courses. OpenStax CNX. 4 Aug 2017 which is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
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